References

The task and scoring design draw on the following work.

The BART and sequential-risk modeling

• Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.8.2.75

• Pleskac, T. J. (2008). Decision making and learning while taking sequential risks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.1.167

• Wallsten, T. S., Pleskac, T. J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2005). Modeling behavior in a clinically diagnostic sequential risk-taking task. Psychological Review, 112(4), 862–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.4.862

• Di Plinio, S., Pettorruso, M., & Ebisch, S. J. H. (2022). Appropriately tuning stochastic-psychometric properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 881179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.881179

The attitude–behavior gap and risk preference

• Frey, R., Pedroni, A., Mata, R., Rieskamp, J., & Hertwig, R. (2017). Risk preference shares the psychometric structure of major psychological traits. Science Advances, 3(10), e1701381. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701381

• Pedroni, A., Frey, R., Bruhin, A., Dutilh, G., Hertwig, R., & Rieskamp, J. (2017). The risk elicitation puzzle. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(11), 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0219-x

• Weber, E. U., Blais, A.-R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(4), 263–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.414

• Blais, A.-R., & Weber, E. U. (2006). A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgment and Decision Making, 1(1), 33–47.

Software

• Harris, C. R., et al. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585, 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2

• Virtanen, P., et al. (2020). SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods, 17, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2

Companion research report

The empirical study for which this instrument was built is reported in:

Yılmaz, A. S. (2026). Dynamics of Behavioral Risk-Taking: A Dynamic-Hazard BART and the DOSPERT-30. Honors Seminar Report, Middle East Technical University.